Comparison of single-mode fiber and multi-mode fiber

The advantages and disadvantages of multimode fiber and single-mode fiber

In today's network construction, optical fiber has been widely used due to its high and fast speed. Among them, single-mode fiber and multimode fiber are the most common. There are still many questions about the difference and application of these two types of fibers. Next, we will analyze the differences between single-mode fiber and multimode fiber in terms of basic structure, transmission distance, and cost.

1. Comparison of Basic Structure of Single-mode Fiber and Multimode Fiber

The basic structure of the optical fiber is usually composed of an outer sheath, a cladding, a core, and a light source. Single-mode fiber and multimode fiber have the following differences:

Outer sheath color difference

In practical applications, the color of the outer sheath of the fiber can be used to quickly distinguish single-mode fiber from the multimode fiber. According to the TIA-598C standard definition, OS1 and OS2 single-mode fibers use yellow outer jackets, OM1 and OM2 multimode fibers use orange outer jackets, and OM3 and OM4 use aqua blue outer jackets (for non-military use).

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Core diameter difference

There is a significant difference in core diameter between multimode fiber and single-mode fiber. The core diameter of multimode fiber is usually 50 or 62.5μm, and the core diameter of single-mode fiber is 9μm. Considering this difference, single-mode fiber can only transmit optical signals with a wavelength of 1310nm or 1550nm over a narrow core diameter, but the advantage of a small core is that the optical signal propagates in a straight line in single mode. Fiber mode. Refraction occurs, dispersion is low, and bandwidth is high; multimode fiber has a wide core, which can transmit multiple modes at a given operating wavelength, but at the same time, because multimode fiber transmits hundreds of modes, each mode Fiber propagation constant is different of the group rate, so the bandwidth of the fiber is narrow, the dispersion is large, and the loss is large.

Note: The standard cladding diameter of most optical fibers is 125um, and the standard outer protective layer diameter is 245um, which does not distinguish between single-mode and multimode.

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Light source difference

The light source generally has two types’ laser light source and LED light source. Single-mode fiber uses a laser light source and multimode fiber uses an LED light source.

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2. Comparison of transmission distance between single-mode fiber and multimode fiber

As we all know, single-mode fiber is suitable for long-distance transmission and multimode fiber is suitable for short-distance transmission. The following table shows the specific transmission distances of the different types of single-multimode fibers.

It can be seen from the graph that at 1G and 10G speeds, the transmission distance of single-mode fiber is much longer than that of multi-mode fiber, so why don't all data centers use single-mode fiber? Indeed, the construction of the data center focuses on short-distance transmission. In the short distance transmission environment, the performance of multimode fiber and single-mode fiber is the same, but the cost is lower; at the same time, OM3 and OM4 multimode fiber can support higher speed, in the current era of high-speed networks, the demand for multimode optical fiber cannot be underestimated.

Third, the cost comparison of single-mode fiber and multimode fiber

As mentioned above, the cost of multimode fiber is lower than that of single-mode fiber. This is mainly due to the equipment material cost, such as the light source cost difference and the material cost difference.

Also, the cost difference between a multimode fiber system and a single-mode fiber system is similar, and the construction cost of a multimode fiber system is lower than that of a single-mode fiber system. Let's take the FS solution as an example. The cost of a multi-mode transmission system (multi-mode optical modules and jumpers) ranges from PKR 96519 to PKR 155015, while a single-mode transmission system (single-mode optical modules and jumpers) cost generally more than PKR 195963, and the price difference is more than PKR 29248.

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Four Frequently Asked Questions about single-mode Fiber and Multimode Fiber

1. Can single-mode fiber and multimode fiber be mixed?

Normally this is not possible. The transmission modes of single-mode fiber and multimode fiber are different. If two fibers are mixed or directly connected, link loss and line jitter will be caused. However, both single-mode and multimode links can be connected via single-mode conversion jumpers.

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2. Can multimode optical modules be used on single-mode fibers? How about using single-mode optical modules over multimode fibers?

Multi-mode optical modules cannot be used on single-mode optical fibers, which will cause higher loss; single-mode optical modules can be used on multimode optical fibers, but fiber optic adapters must be used to convert fiber types. For example, by using fiber optic adapters, 1000BASE-LX single-mode optical modules can operate over multimode fibers. Fiber optic adapters can also be used to solve the connection problem between single-mode optical modules and multimode optical modules.

3. How to choose single-mode fiber and multimode fiber?

When selecting single-mode fiber and multimode fiber, the actual transmission distance and cost should be considered. If the transmission distance is 300-400 meters, multimode fiber can be used. If the transmission distance reaches several thousand meters, single-mode fiber is the best choice.

Conclusion

Single-mode fiber and multimode fiber have their advantages. Single-mode fiber systems are mainly used in metro and PON networks, and multi-mode fiber systems are mainly used in enterprises and data centers. It is important to choose the fiber system that is right for you.

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